Introduction:
In this article we are going to discuss about the Views in the sql server 2005 version. It is one of the important elements in the sql server; it eliminates the difficulties in the business process. There are lots of significant improvements in the view especially in the sql server 2005 version. They have introduced the indexed views and INSTEAD of Trigger on the permanent view. Let us discuss about the views with more practical way.
Views:
The view is a virtual table, which can have the multiple columns from the one or more table. It can be used like the normal table. Normally view cannot store the data permanently in the table. When we create the view it stores the view definition schema as object under the concern database.
Let us see the syntax of the create view
CREATE VIEW View Name [Alias name1, name2,]
WITH ENCRYPTION
WITH SCHEMA BINDING
AS
SELECT statement [WITH CHECK OPTION]
The create view can be created with the view name and the alias can be given in the view name parameter parenthesis. The view schema can be stored in the encrypted format. Here is an option like SCHEMA BINDING; this is an important mile stone in the view to allow the developers to create the permanent view.
When to use VIEW?
When you have complex queries, that use many places in the stored procedures or functions, etc..,
It will be used as security mechanism in the web applications. When we use the original table in the web applications the hackers may drop the table. That time the original data will be persist in the table.
When you want to hide the particular columns to the specific people then we can create the specialized view.
Encrypted View:
The definition of schema will be encrypted and stored as object in the database. This can be done using the ENCRYPTION option in the view creation.
IF OBJECT_ID('[DBO].Vw_SqlObjects_Encrypted') IS NOT NULLBEGIN DROP VIEW [DBO].Vw_SqlObjects_Encrypted PRINT '<< [DBO].Vw_SqlObjects_Encrypted View dropped >>'ENDGOCREATE VIEW [DBO].Vw_SqlObjects_EncryptedWITH ENCRYPTIONAS SELECT O.Object_ID ,O.Name ,'Type' = CASE O.type WHEN 'S' THEN 'Scalar Functions' WHEN 'F' THEN 'Functions' WHEN 'V' THEN 'Views' WHEN 'PK' THEN 'Primary keys' WHEN 'TR' THEN 'Triggers' WHEN 'P' THEN 'Procedures' WHEN 'U' THEN 'User Defined Functions' WHEN 'TF' THEN 'Table Valued Functions' WHEN 'IF' THEN 'Inline Functions' END ,O.create_date ,O.modify_date ,CASE WHEN SC.encrypted = 0 THEN 'No' ELSE 'Yes' END AS [IsEncrypted] ,SC.text FROM SYS.OBJECTS O INNER JOIN SYSCOMMENTS SC ON SC.id = O.object_id GOIF OBJECT_ID('[DBO].Vw_SqlObjects_Encrypted') IS NOT NULLBEGIN PRINT '<< [DBO].Vw_SqlObjects_Encrypted View created >>'ENDGO
Now if you want to see the view schema definition for the above view is not possible. We have stored in the encrypted format. This is a significant option to hide the important calculations inside the view from the others.
In case of any alter in the view must be stored externally somewhere else.
SELECT text FROM SYSCOMMENTS WHERE id = OBJECT_ID('[DBO].Vw_SqlObjects_Encrypted')
In this article we are going to discuss about the Views in the sql server 2005 version. It is one of the important elements in the sql server; it eliminates the difficulties in the business process. There are lots of significant improvements in the view especially in the sql server 2005 version. They have introduced the indexed views and INSTEAD of Trigger on the permanent view. Let us discuss about the views with more practical way.
Views:
The view is a virtual table, which can have the multiple columns from the one or more table. It can be used like the normal table. Normally view cannot store the data permanently in the table. When we create the view it stores the view definition schema as object under the concern database.
Let us see the syntax of the create view
CREATE VIEW View Name [Alias name1, name2,]
WITH ENCRYPTION
WITH SCHEMA BINDING
AS
SELECT statement [WITH CHECK OPTION]
The create view can be created with the view name and the alias can be given in the view name parameter parenthesis. The view schema can be stored in the encrypted format. Here is an option like SCHEMA BINDING; this is an important mile stone in the view to allow the developers to create the permanent view.
When to use VIEW?
When you have complex queries, that use many places in the stored procedures or functions, etc..,
It will be used as security mechanism in the web applications. When we use the original table in the web applications the hackers may drop the table. That time the original data will be persist in the table.
When you want to hide the particular columns to the specific people then we can create the specialized view.
Encrypted View:
The definition of schema will be encrypted and stored as object in the database. This can be done using the ENCRYPTION option in the view creation.
IF OBJECT_ID('[DBO].Vw_SqlObjects_Encrypted') IS NOT NULLBEGIN DROP VIEW [DBO].Vw_SqlObjects_Encrypted PRINT '<< [DBO].Vw_SqlObjects_Encrypted View dropped >>'ENDGOCREATE VIEW [DBO].Vw_SqlObjects_EncryptedWITH ENCRYPTIONAS SELECT O.Object_ID ,O.Name ,'Type' = CASE O.type WHEN 'S' THEN 'Scalar Functions' WHEN 'F' THEN 'Functions' WHEN 'V' THEN 'Views' WHEN 'PK' THEN 'Primary keys' WHEN 'TR' THEN 'Triggers' WHEN 'P' THEN 'Procedures' WHEN 'U' THEN 'User Defined Functions' WHEN 'TF' THEN 'Table Valued Functions' WHEN 'IF' THEN 'Inline Functions' END ,O.create_date ,O.modify_date ,CASE WHEN SC.encrypted = 0 THEN 'No' ELSE 'Yes' END AS [IsEncrypted] ,SC.text FROM SYS.OBJECTS O INNER JOIN SYSCOMMENTS SC ON SC.id = O.object_id GOIF OBJECT_ID('[DBO].Vw_SqlObjects_Encrypted') IS NOT NULLBEGIN PRINT '<< [DBO].Vw_SqlObjects_Encrypted View created >>'ENDGO
Now if you want to see the view schema definition for the above view is not possible. We have stored in the encrypted format. This is a significant option to hide the important calculations inside the view from the others.
In case of any alter in the view must be stored externally somewhere else.
SELECT text FROM SYSCOMMENTS WHERE id = OBJECT_ID('[DBO].Vw_SqlObjects_Encrypted')
SELECT definition FROM SYS.sql_modules WHERE object_id =OBJECT_ID('[DBO].Vw_SqlObjects_Encrypted')
sp_helptext Vw_SqlObjects_Encrypted
If you execute the above queries then it will say like view is encrypted.
There are three types of views in the sql server 2005.
They are
If you execute the above queries then it will say like view is encrypted.
There are three types of views in the sql server 2005.
They are
- Normal or Standard view
- Indexed or permanent view
- Partitioned view
Normal or Standard view:
This view is most frequently used by the developers. When create the view the schema will be stored an object in the database. When we retrieve the content from this virtual table, it will be executed the schema and stored the data from the parent table.
Here if you have the result from the same table then it can be updated and inserted. The deleted row will be reflected in the original table.
USE [Northwind]GOIF OBJECT_ID('[DBO].vw_ViewProducts','V') IS NOT NULLBEGIN DROP VIEW [DBO].vw_ViewProducts PRINT '<< [DBO].vw_ViewProducts view dropped.. >>'ENDGOCREATE VIEW [DBO].vw_ViewProductsAS SELECT ProductID,ProductName,SupplierID,CategoryID,QuantityPerUnit,UnitPrice,UnitsInStock,
UnitsOnOrder,ReorderLevel,Discontinued FROM ProductsGOIF OBJECT_ID('[DBO].vw_ViewProducts','V') IS NOT NULLBEGIN PRINT '<< [DBO].vw_ViewProducts view created.. >>'ENDGO--O/PSELECT * FROM [DBO].vw_ViewProducts--INSERTINSERT INTO[DBO].vw_ViewProducts(ProductName,SupplierID,CategoryID,QuantityPerUnit,UnitPrice,UnitsInStock,UnitsOnOrder,ReorderLevel,Discontinued)VALUES('Test View',1,2,'100 per bag',25.45,89,57,15,0)--DELETEDELETE FROM [DBO].vw_ViewProducts WHERE ProductID = 81
Here you can do the DML operations in the view when you have only one table.
Indexed views:
The indexed or permanent view is one of the new features introduced in the sql server 2005 version. We have seen that the view only store the schema definition and it will get execute and load the data into the virtual table at the time of view used. But this view creates the permanent view and we can create the indexes on the table. It allows us to create the instead of trigger.
The indexed view can be created with the WITH SCHEMA BINDING option while creating the view.
The indexed view has some restrictions like cannot use the TOP, DISTINCT, UNION, ORDER BY and aggregate functions.
It allows us to use the GROUP BY statement but we cannot use COUNT statement. Instead of that COUNT_BIG statement can be used.
IF EXISTS(SELECT OBJECT_ID FROM SYS.OBJECTS WHERE OBJECT_ID =OBJECT_ID(N'[DBO].Vw_Product_Sales_Report',N'V'))BEGIN DROP VIEW [DBO].Vw_Product_Sales_Report PRINT '<< [DBO].Vw_Product_Sales_Report view dropped >>'ENDGOCREATE VIEW [DBO].Vw_Product_Sales_ReportWITH SCHEMABINDINGAS SELECT O.OrderID ,C.CustomerID ,C.CompanyName ,C.Address+', '+C.City AS [Customer Address] ,OD.ProductID ,P.ProductName ,OD.UnitPrice ,OD.Quantity ,(OD.UnitPrice * OD.Quantity) AS [Total] ,(OD.UnitPrice * OD.Quantity) * OD.Discount/100 AS [Discount] FROM [DBO].Orders O (NOLOCK) INNER JOIN [DBO]."Order Details" OD (NOLOCK) ON OD.OrderID = O.OrderID INNER JOIN [DBO].Customers C (NOLOCK) ON C.CustomerID = O.CustomerID INNER JOIN [DBO].Products P (NOLOCK) ON P.ProductID = OD.ProductIDGOIF EXISTS(SELECT OBJECT_ID FROM SYS.OBJECTS WHERE OBJECT_ID =OBJECT_ID(N'[DBO].Vw_Product_Sales_Report',N'V'))BEGIN PRINT '<< [DBO].Vw_Product_Sales_Report view created >>'ENDGO
Here the indexed view has created. When you retrieve the data from this table, it will execute like normal table.
There are some retrictions while creating this indexed view like the name of the view must be two part name and we cannot use select * in the view schema defintion.
Normally view cannot have the triggers but from the sql server 2005 onwards We can create the Instead of trigger on the instead of trigger.
Partitioned Views:
The partitioned view and its execution is like normal view. It will work across the database and across the server.
There are two types of Partitioned views. They are
This view is most frequently used by the developers. When create the view the schema will be stored an object in the database. When we retrieve the content from this virtual table, it will be executed the schema and stored the data from the parent table.
Here if you have the result from the same table then it can be updated and inserted. The deleted row will be reflected in the original table.
USE [Northwind]GOIF OBJECT_ID('[DBO].vw_ViewProducts','V') IS NOT NULLBEGIN DROP VIEW [DBO].vw_ViewProducts PRINT '<< [DBO].vw_ViewProducts view dropped.. >>'ENDGOCREATE VIEW [DBO].vw_ViewProductsAS SELECT ProductID,ProductName,SupplierID,CategoryID,QuantityPerUnit,UnitPrice,UnitsInStock,
UnitsOnOrder,ReorderLevel,Discontinued FROM ProductsGOIF OBJECT_ID('[DBO].vw_ViewProducts','V') IS NOT NULLBEGIN PRINT '<< [DBO].vw_ViewProducts view created.. >>'ENDGO--O/PSELECT * FROM [DBO].vw_ViewProducts--INSERTINSERT INTO[DBO].vw_ViewProducts(ProductName,SupplierID,CategoryID,QuantityPerUnit,UnitPrice,UnitsInStock,UnitsOnOrder,ReorderLevel,Discontinued)VALUES('Test View',1,2,'100 per bag',25.45,89,57,15,0)--DELETEDELETE FROM [DBO].vw_ViewProducts WHERE ProductID = 81
Here you can do the DML operations in the view when you have only one table.
Indexed views:
The indexed or permanent view is one of the new features introduced in the sql server 2005 version. We have seen that the view only store the schema definition and it will get execute and load the data into the virtual table at the time of view used. But this view creates the permanent view and we can create the indexes on the table. It allows us to create the instead of trigger.
The indexed view can be created with the WITH SCHEMA BINDING option while creating the view.
The indexed view has some restrictions like cannot use the TOP, DISTINCT, UNION, ORDER BY and aggregate functions.
It allows us to use the GROUP BY statement but we cannot use COUNT statement. Instead of that COUNT_BIG statement can be used.
IF EXISTS(SELECT OBJECT_ID FROM SYS.OBJECTS WHERE OBJECT_ID =OBJECT_ID(N'[DBO].Vw_Product_Sales_Report',N'V'))BEGIN DROP VIEW [DBO].Vw_Product_Sales_Report PRINT '<< [DBO].Vw_Product_Sales_Report view dropped >>'ENDGOCREATE VIEW [DBO].Vw_Product_Sales_ReportWITH SCHEMABINDINGAS SELECT O.OrderID ,C.CustomerID ,C.CompanyName ,C.Address+', '+C.City AS [Customer Address] ,OD.ProductID ,P.ProductName ,OD.UnitPrice ,OD.Quantity ,(OD.UnitPrice * OD.Quantity) AS [Total] ,(OD.UnitPrice * OD.Quantity) * OD.Discount/100 AS [Discount] FROM [DBO].Orders O (NOLOCK) INNER JOIN [DBO]."Order Details" OD (NOLOCK) ON OD.OrderID = O.OrderID INNER JOIN [DBO].Customers C (NOLOCK) ON C.CustomerID = O.CustomerID INNER JOIN [DBO].Products P (NOLOCK) ON P.ProductID = OD.ProductIDGOIF EXISTS(SELECT OBJECT_ID FROM SYS.OBJECTS WHERE OBJECT_ID =OBJECT_ID(N'[DBO].Vw_Product_Sales_Report',N'V'))BEGIN PRINT '<< [DBO].Vw_Product_Sales_Report view created >>'ENDGO
Here the indexed view has created. When you retrieve the data from this table, it will execute like normal table.
There are some retrictions while creating this indexed view like the name of the view must be two part name and we cannot use select * in the view schema defintion.
Normally view cannot have the triggers but from the sql server 2005 onwards We can create the Instead of trigger on the instead of trigger.
Partitioned Views:
The partitioned view and its execution is like normal view. It will work across the database and across the server.
There are two types of Partitioned views. They are
- Local Partitioned View
- Global Partitioned View
1. Local Partitioned View:
The local partitioned view can be created within same server but different database.
The view schema definition will be stored in the executed database. But when we try to retrieve the data from the table, it has to execute the schema definition internally and load the data.
Let us see an example.
USE [Northwind]GOCREATE TABLE EmployeeList( iEmployeeID INT IDENTITY(1,1), vFirstName VARCHAR(25) NOT NULL, vLastName VARCHAR(25) NOT NULL, iDeptID INT, vAddress VARCHAR(25) NOT NULL, vCity VARCHAR(25) NOT NULL, vState VARCHAR(25) NOT NULL, vCountry VARCHAR(25) NOT NULL,)GOUSE [Master]GOCREATE TABLE Department( iDeptID INT IDENTITY(1,1) PRIMARY KEY, vDeptName VARCHAR(50), vDeptDesc VARCHAR(25), vDeptAddedBy VARCHAR(50), vPostedDate DATETIME DEFAULT GETDATE())GO--SELECT * FROM DepartmentUSE [Northwind]GOIF OBJECT_ID('[DBO].vw_LocalPartion_View','V') IS NOT NULLBEGIN DROP VIEW [DBO].vw_LocalPartion_View PRINT '[DBO].vw_LocalPartion_View view dropped...'ENDGOCREATE VIEW [DBO].vw_LocalPartion_ViewASSELECT E.iEmployeeID,E.vFirstName+SPACE(1)+E.vLastName AS [Name], D.vDeptName,E.vAddress,E.vCity,E.vStateFROM EmployeeList E--INNER JOIN Master..Department D ON D.iDeptID = E.iDeptID --Either one of the way will be used.INNER JOIN Master.dbo.Department D ON D.iDeptID = E.iDeptIDGOIF OBJECT_ID('[DBO].vw_LocalPartion_View','V') IS NOT NULLBEGIN PRINT '[DBO].vw_LocalPartion_View view created...'ENDGO--O/pSELECT * FROM [DBO].vw_LocalPartion_View
2. Global Partitioned View
The global Partitioned view will work across the server. The view can be created to join the table across the server.
The accessing format will be like this.
[Server Name]. Database Name. Table Name
When we execute the view if it is not linked with the current server then it will ask us to link the external server.
The following system stored procedure will be used to link the server.
sp_addlinkedserver 'Server name'
The following system catalog table is used to see the list of linked servers.
SELECT * FROM SYS.SERVERS
INSTEAD OF Triggers on the Indexed View
Normally the triggers cannot be created on the view. But sql server 2005 onwards we can create the INSTEAD OF trigger on the indexed views.
USE [Northwind]GOIF OBJECT_ID('[DBO].[VW_Trigger_Example') IS NOT NULLBEGIN DROP VIEW [DBO].[VW_Trigger_Example] PRINT '[DBO].[VW_Trigger_Example view dropped..'ENDGOCREATE VIEW [DBO].[VW_Trigger_Example]WITH SCHEMABINDINGAS SELECT P.ProductID,P.ProductName,P.SupplierID, OD.OrderID,OD.UnitPrice,OD.Quantity FROM [DBO].Products P INNER JOIN [DBO].[Order Details] OD ON OD.ProductID = P.ProductIDGOIF OBJECT_ID('[DBO].[VW_Trigger_Example') IS NOT NULLBEGIN PRINT '[DBO].[VW_Trigger_Example view created..'ENDGO--SELECT * FROM VW_Trigger_ExampleIF OBJECT_ID('[DBO].Tr_Delete_TriggerExample','TR') IS NOT NULLBEGIN DROP TRIGGER [DBO].Tr_Delete_TriggerExample PRINT '[DBO].Tr_Delete_TriggerExample trigger dropped..'ENDGOCREATE TRIGGER [DBO].Tr_Delete_TriggerExampleON [DBO].VW_Trigger_ExampleINSTEAD OF DELETEASBEGIN PRINT '----------------------------------------' PRINT 'This is an example of INSTEAD OF Trigger' PRINT '----------------------------------------' SELECT TOP 1 * FROM DELETEDENDGOIF OBJECT_ID('[DBO].Tr_Delete_TriggerExample','TR') IS NOT NULLBEGIN PRINT '[DBO].Tr_Delete_TriggerExample trigger created..'ENDGO--O/P--SELECT * FROM [DBO].[VW_Trigger_Example] WHERE ProductID = 11DELETE FROM [DBO].[VW_Trigger_Example] WHERE ProductID=11
How to view the Created Views?
There are few ways to view the scehema definition of the created views.
SP_HELPTEXT vw_LocalPartion_ViewSELECT id,text FROM SYSCOMMENTS WHERE id = OBJECT_ID('[DBO].vw_LocalPartion_View')SELECT object_id,definition FROM SYS.SQL_MODULES WHERE OBJECT_ID =OBJECT_ID('[DBO].vw_LocalPartion_View')
How to drop the View?
If you want to drop the view then you can use the following statement. When you drop the table underlying view will not be deleted. But if you run that view it will thrown an error.
DROP VIEW VIEW_NAME
How to alter the view?
If you want to do changes in the created views then you can alter the view whatever you want to view the same view name.
ALTER VIEW VIEW_NAME
The local partitioned view can be created within same server but different database.
The view schema definition will be stored in the executed database. But when we try to retrieve the data from the table, it has to execute the schema definition internally and load the data.
Let us see an example.
USE [Northwind]GOCREATE TABLE EmployeeList( iEmployeeID INT IDENTITY(1,1), vFirstName VARCHAR(25) NOT NULL, vLastName VARCHAR(25) NOT NULL, iDeptID INT, vAddress VARCHAR(25) NOT NULL, vCity VARCHAR(25) NOT NULL, vState VARCHAR(25) NOT NULL, vCountry VARCHAR(25) NOT NULL,)GOUSE [Master]GOCREATE TABLE Department( iDeptID INT IDENTITY(1,1) PRIMARY KEY, vDeptName VARCHAR(50), vDeptDesc VARCHAR(25), vDeptAddedBy VARCHAR(50), vPostedDate DATETIME DEFAULT GETDATE())GO--SELECT * FROM DepartmentUSE [Northwind]GOIF OBJECT_ID('[DBO].vw_LocalPartion_View','V') IS NOT NULLBEGIN DROP VIEW [DBO].vw_LocalPartion_View PRINT '[DBO].vw_LocalPartion_View view dropped...'ENDGOCREATE VIEW [DBO].vw_LocalPartion_ViewASSELECT E.iEmployeeID,E.vFirstName+SPACE(1)+E.vLastName AS [Name], D.vDeptName,E.vAddress,E.vCity,E.vStateFROM EmployeeList E--INNER JOIN Master..Department D ON D.iDeptID = E.iDeptID --Either one of the way will be used.INNER JOIN Master.dbo.Department D ON D.iDeptID = E.iDeptIDGOIF OBJECT_ID('[DBO].vw_LocalPartion_View','V') IS NOT NULLBEGIN PRINT '[DBO].vw_LocalPartion_View view created...'ENDGO--O/pSELECT * FROM [DBO].vw_LocalPartion_View
2. Global Partitioned View
The global Partitioned view will work across the server. The view can be created to join the table across the server.
The accessing format will be like this.
[Server Name]. Database Name. Table Name
When we execute the view if it is not linked with the current server then it will ask us to link the external server.
The following system stored procedure will be used to link the server.
sp_addlinkedserver 'Server name'
The following system catalog table is used to see the list of linked servers.
SELECT * FROM SYS.SERVERS
INSTEAD OF Triggers on the Indexed View
Normally the triggers cannot be created on the view. But sql server 2005 onwards we can create the INSTEAD OF trigger on the indexed views.
USE [Northwind]GOIF OBJECT_ID('[DBO].[VW_Trigger_Example') IS NOT NULLBEGIN DROP VIEW [DBO].[VW_Trigger_Example] PRINT '[DBO].[VW_Trigger_Example view dropped..'ENDGOCREATE VIEW [DBO].[VW_Trigger_Example]WITH SCHEMABINDINGAS SELECT P.ProductID,P.ProductName,P.SupplierID, OD.OrderID,OD.UnitPrice,OD.Quantity FROM [DBO].Products P INNER JOIN [DBO].[Order Details] OD ON OD.ProductID = P.ProductIDGOIF OBJECT_ID('[DBO].[VW_Trigger_Example') IS NOT NULLBEGIN PRINT '[DBO].[VW_Trigger_Example view created..'ENDGO--SELECT * FROM VW_Trigger_ExampleIF OBJECT_ID('[DBO].Tr_Delete_TriggerExample','TR') IS NOT NULLBEGIN DROP TRIGGER [DBO].Tr_Delete_TriggerExample PRINT '[DBO].Tr_Delete_TriggerExample trigger dropped..'ENDGOCREATE TRIGGER [DBO].Tr_Delete_TriggerExampleON [DBO].VW_Trigger_ExampleINSTEAD OF DELETEASBEGIN PRINT '----------------------------------------' PRINT 'This is an example of INSTEAD OF Trigger' PRINT '----------------------------------------' SELECT TOP 1 * FROM DELETEDENDGOIF OBJECT_ID('[DBO].Tr_Delete_TriggerExample','TR') IS NOT NULLBEGIN PRINT '[DBO].Tr_Delete_TriggerExample trigger created..'ENDGO--O/P--SELECT * FROM [DBO].[VW_Trigger_Example] WHERE ProductID = 11DELETE FROM [DBO].[VW_Trigger_Example] WHERE ProductID=11
How to view the Created Views?
There are few ways to view the scehema definition of the created views.
SP_HELPTEXT vw_LocalPartion_ViewSELECT id,text FROM SYSCOMMENTS WHERE id = OBJECT_ID('[DBO].vw_LocalPartion_View')SELECT object_id,definition FROM SYS.SQL_MODULES WHERE OBJECT_ID =OBJECT_ID('[DBO].vw_LocalPartion_View')
How to drop the View?
If you want to drop the view then you can use the following statement. When you drop the table underlying view will not be deleted. But if you run that view it will thrown an error.
DROP VIEW VIEW_NAME
How to alter the view?
If you want to do changes in the created views then you can alter the view whatever you want to view the same view name.
ALTER VIEW VIEW_NAME
AS
SELECT [Columns List]....
Conclusion:
So far, we have seen the views in the sql server 2005. I hope that, this has given enough idea about the views. If there is any correction or suggestions about this article please post your feedback.
Conclusion:
So far, we have seen the views in the sql server 2005. I hope that, this has given enough idea about the views. If there is any correction or suggestions about this article please post your feedback.
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